EDUCATION

IJUE HAKI YAKO

KUJICHULIA SHERIA MIKONONI

ATHARI KWA HAKI ZA BINADAMU

NCHINI TANZANIA

• “in all cases mob-justice is not justice at all but a mass crime this in some cases can be regarded as gang violence”. CREG CAMEROON-USA

1.0: UTANGULIZI

Wahenga walisema,”jambo usilolijua ni kama usiku giza”

Msemo huu bado una maana hadi hivi leo, kwani ASASI zilizo nyingi hasa zile zisizo za kiserikali, na zilizo sajiliwa kwa lengo la kutetea Haki Binadamu hapa TANZANIA zinaendesha shughuli zao pasipo kuwa na uelewa wa aina yoyote ile juu ya Haki za Binadamu, jambo ambalo limechangia sana kufanya baadhi ya wananchi kuwa na uelewa usio sahihi wa HAKI ZA BINADAMU.

Mtaalamu mmoja CONFUCIOUS aliyewahi kuishi 551BC – 479BC aliwahi kusema:-

“ Ignorance is the night of the mind, but without moon and star”

Tunafikiri somo la Haki za Binadamu ni rahisi. Tunamwaga sumu kwa jamii yetu.

Katika mada hii nitajadili:-

(i) Filosofia ya Haki za Binadamu.

(ii) Tatizo la kujichukulia sheria mikonomi tatizo la ki-ulimwengu.

(iii) Tatizo la kujichukulia Sheria mikononi Tanzania.

(iv) HITIMISHO.

2.0: FILOSOFIA YA HAKI ZA BINADAMU.

Nadharia kadha wakadha zimekuwa zikitumika kuelezea ni jinsi gani na kwanini haki za binadamu zimekuwa sehemu ya matarajio ya jamii.

Ø Mojawapo ya Filosofia ya awali sana ya nchi zile za magharibi, ni kuwa HAKI ZA BINADAMU ni matokeo ya SHERIA ILE YA ASILI ( Natural Law) ukiangalia haya ni mafundisho ya DINI.

Ø Filosofia nyingine ni juu ya mafundisho jinsi binadamu alivyotokea (Biological and Social evolution associated with HUME).

Flosofia nyingine inayokubalika ni ile ya sociological pattern of rule setting.

2.1: Wapo – wanafilosofia maarufu sana walioweza kutoa elimu juu ya filosofia hizi, nao ni pamoja na Socrates na warithi wake yaani Plato na Aristotle. Pia mafundisho ya viongozi wa Dini kwa miaka hiyo ya nyuma sana kabla ya kristo na baada ya kristo na baadae kuwekewa msisitizo na wanafilosofia kama:-

Thomas Aquuinas, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Crotius, John Locke n.k.

Mwanafilosofia THOMAS HOBBES kwa mfano, falsafa yake ilihusu UWEPO WA FURAHA (Happiness) mojawapo ya mafundisho ya HOBBES ni kukataza kusababisha vifo kwa njia ya ghasia, kwamba vifo visitokee kutoka mikononi mwa watu kwa kujichukulia Sheria mikononi.

2.2. Filosofia za Haki za Binadamu za hivi karibuni, ambazo kwa sasa ni Harakati (modern human Rights movements) nazo zinakataza watu kujichukulia Sheria mikononi.

Mfano:-

a) Mwaka 1215, Uingereza ilitoa waraka wake uliojulikana kama MAGNA CARTA. Sehemu ya Ibara ya xxix ya waraka huo inasema:-

“No freeman shall be taken …. No condemning him but by Lawful Judgment of his peers or by the Law of the Land…”

Natumai msisitizo ni huo kuwa hakuna Haki ya mtu kuhukumiwa bila ya taratibu za Kisheria kufuatwa.

b) TAMKO la VIRGINIA la Haki za BINADAMU – 1776( The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776)

c) TAMKO LA UFARANSA - 1789 ( The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen).

Matamko hayo ya 1776 na 1789 yaliweka ndani yake kutambuliwa kwa HAKI YA KUISHI hivyo kupigana vita tabia chafu ya KUJICHUKULIA SHERIA MIKONONI.

3.0. TATIZO LA KUJICHUKULIA SHERIA MIKONONI – TATIZO LA KIULIMWENGU.

3.1. Wana-historia wanadai, tatizo la kujichukulia Sheria mikononi na baadhi ya kundi la watu lilianza huko Rome na ndani ya utawala wa Kirumi (Roman Empire)

Jinsi watawala walivyoendelea kupuuzia kuwadhibiti wahusika ndivyo wao walivyo jiona kuwa walikuwa sahihi.

Kundi la watu wanaojichukulia Sheria mikononi kitendo/vitendo hivyo ni KOSA LA JINAI, wana – Historia wataalam wa Sheria hulichukulia kuwa ni ORGANIZED CRIME. Kwa vile kitendo au vitendyo hivyo ni vya KIJINAI kwa vile vinavunja AMANI na kuleta vita (exploit Public Strife). Ambapo haki za Binadamu ya kuishi, kwenda popote, kuharibiwa mali n.k. zinavunjwa na wachache.

Wana-saikolojia kwa upande wao wanaeleza kuwa ziko hisia kuu tatu zinazochangia watu kujichukulia Sheria mikononi:-

Ø Hisia ya hofu.

Ø Hisia ya furaha.

Ø Hisia ya ghadhabu.

Sio wote wenye hasira kali wanaangukia katika hisia ya tatu na wanaochukua Sheria mikononi kuua watu na kuharibu mali za wengine, n.k.

Wenye furaha, kwa timu ya mpira kushinda timu ya wapinzani, kuuona mwaka mpya n.k. kundi hili husababisha vifo kujeruhiana au uharibifu wa mali.

Kundi lile lenye hofu, kuwa Fulani ni mchawi, n.k. kuondoka na kusababisha madhara na wakati mwingine mauaji .

KUNDI lolote, hata liwe kubwa kiasi gani haliwakilishi matakwa ya watu wa eneo hilo. Hakuna HAKI ZA BINADAMU za pamoja kila binadamu ana haki zake kama yeye. Hakuna democrasia hata kidogo – wale wanaoeleza sera ya “nguvu ya umma” wanakwenda kinyume na HAKI ZA BINADAMU. Haya yote yanasababishwa na matekenyo ya kundi la watu kukidhi haja zao.

Watafiti wameeleza sababu zinazochangia kuwepo kwa tatizo la MOB JUSTICE kuwa ni:-

Ø Tabia ya makundi.

Kwa mfanoa; kundi moja katika jamii lajiona kuwa bora zaidi kuliko lingine, na pale matakwa yao kama kundi yanapokataliwa, huamua kujichukulia sheria mikononi.

4.0. TATIZO LA KUJICHUKULIA SHERIA MIKONONI – TANZANIA.

Watafiti Paul M. Ng;walali na James N. Kitinya katika utafiti wao walienda katika madhara ya kiafya na hawakuliona kama ni tatizo linalovunja HAKI ZA BINADAMU.

Wao walivinyoshea vidole vyombo kama vile MAHAKAMA, POLISI na tatizo lililokithiri la Rushwa Tanzania, hali ya kipato cha wananchi n.k. wakayaona haya kuwa nia viini vya watu kujichukulia Sheria mikononi.

Hata hivyo, wakasahau kuzungumzia migogoro ya WANYANCHOKA vs WANYANCHOLI; WAJALUO vs WAKURYA wote kutoka MKoa wa Mara jinsi walivyomalizana.

Wakasahau, matatuzo ya walemavu wa Ngazi jinsi wanavyowindwa na baadhi ya makundi.

Wakasahau, vikongwe, husasani Mikoa ya Mwanza, Shinyanga na Tabora jinsi wanavyopuluzwa kila kukicha.

Wakasahau jinsi Sungusungu ilivyoanzishwa na jinsi watu walivyopoteza uhai kwa kuchapwa viboko kwa sababu hiyo hiyo kuwa MAHAKAMA na POLISI hawafanyi kazi ipasavyo:-

Tazama Ibara 3 ya tamko la Haki za Binadamu la 1948 na pia tazama Azimio 00217 (ii) la 10/12/1948 la Baraza la Umoja wa Mataifa:-

“Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person (Kila mtu nayo haki ya kuishi na kuwa huru na salama)

Tazama KATIBA yatu ya JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO ya 1977 (kama ilivyorekebishwa 2005) inasema:-

“Kila mtu anayo HAKI YA KUISHI na kupata kutoka kwa jamii hifadhi ya maisha yake, kwa mujibu wa Sheria”

Na, KATIBA ya Serikali ya Mapinduzi Zanzibar ya 1984, kama ilivyorekebishwa 2010 Ibara ya 13 inasema:-

(i) “Kila mtu anayo haki ya kuwa na hifadhi ya maisha yake”.

(ii) “Kila mtu anayo haki ya kusihi na kupata kutoka kwa jamii hifadhi ya maisha yake kwa mujibu wa Sheria”

Kwa nini kuje visingizio juu ya utendaji mbovu wa mahakama na polisi, vipato visivyolingana visababishe kundi la watu wachache kuwa WAPELELEZI, WAKAMATAJI, WAENDESHA MASHTAKA, MAJAJI, WASHAURI WA MAHAKAMA, NA WATEKELEZAJI WA HUKUMU, dhidi ya mtu au watu ambao hawakupewa nafasi ya kusikilizwa? Halafu makundi hayo yatetewe na baadhi ya vyombo vya habari kuwa WANANCHI WENYE HASIRA KALI.

Tazama tena Katiba ya Zanzibar 1984 (kama ilivyorekebishwa) 2010, Ibara 12(6) (b) kinasema:-

(b) Mtu aliyeshtakiwa kwa kosa la jinai hatatendewa kama mtu mwenye kosa hilo mpaka itakapothibitika kuwa anayo hatia ya kutenda kosa hilo.

Katiba ya Jamhuri 1977 (kama ilivyorekebishwa – 2005) Ibara 13(6) (c) :- “ni marufuku kwa mtu kuteswa, kuadhibiwa kinyama au kupewa adhabu zinazomtweza au kumdhalilisha.

Na Ibara 13(6) (b) ya katiba ya Jamhuri, 1977 inaendelea kusema:- “ ni marufuku kwa mtu aliyeshtakiwa kwa kosa la Jinai kutendwa kama mtu mwenye kosa hilo mpaka itakapothibitika kuwa anayo hatia ya kutenda kosa hilo”

Majedwali yafuatayo yanadhihirisha jinsi watanzania wanavyokiuka haki za Binadamu kwa visingizio tulivyovieleza hapo juu.

JEDWALI 1

MWAKA	IDADI YA WALIOUAWA
2000	240
2001	222
2002	290
2003	301
2004	198

JEDWALI 2

MGAWANYO WA WAATHIRIKA NA UMRI WAO
UMRI	%
Chini ya miaka 15	0.1
Miaka 15 - 40	70.0
Miaka 40-60	27.1
Zaidi ya miaka 60	2.8

UTARATIBU ULIOTUMIKA KUUA WATU
UTARATIBU	%
Kuponda kwa mawe	50.0
Kuchoma moto	48.1
Kuchinja	0.8
Njia nyingizo	1.1

JEDWALI 3

SABABU ZA KUUAWA
SABABU ZA KUUAWA	%
Tuhama za unyan’ganyi	95.3
Masuala ya kidini	0.0
Social - Cultural	1.9
Nyinginezo	1.9

JEDWALI LA 4

Dar es Salaam; pekee kwa kipindi tulichoonyesha hapo juu, watu wapatao 1249 waliuwawa na wananchi waliojichukulia Sheria mikononi mwao lakini makosa waliyokuwa wakituhumiwa ni:-

(i) Kushindwa kulipia vyakula baada ya kula kwa mama Ntilie.

(ii) Wizi mdogo (vibaka) na tuhuma za unyang’anyi.

(iii) Kutoelewana kati ya mume na mke au mume na mume n.k.

Kati ya hao, asilimia 48.11 walichomwa moto. Asilimia 49.96 walipigwa na kuuawa kwa mawe.

Asilimia 3:00 kwa njia nyinginezo. Hii ndiyo TANZANIA yenye utitiri wa ASASI zisizo na kiserikali na zisizo sajiriwa kutetea na kulinda HAKI ZA BINADAMU TANZANIA. Ni kweli au ni mzaha?

Miaka 2010 na 2011 wananchi wakorofi waliojichukulia Sheria mikononi na kupoteza maisha ya watu 30, wilayani Ukerewe, wachache walilipotiwa Polisi na wengi wao taarifa zao hazikufika Polisi.

Mali zenye thamani kubwa ziliharibiwa, ikiwemo Meli ya Halimashauri. Kundi la wakorofi, waliwanyang’anya maaskari watuhumiwa huko Namanga Ukara na wakawaua, matokeo ya kijiji Kasenyi, hata wale wanaojiita wenye hasira kali walimtishia hata Mkuu wa Wilaya kwenye tukio hilo akimtetea.

Wananchi wake, matukio ya Kakukuru, Visiwa vya Sizu, Ghana na kule Bwisya, walitoa uhai na kuharibu mali zenye thamani.

Ukerewe pekee ziko ASASI ngapi zinazotetea HAKI ZA BINADAMU? , Mnakwama wapi?

Kwa nini wimbo unaoimbwa ni juu ya kutetea HAKI za BINADAMU, lakini hakuna vitendo kwa ASASI hizo, waandishi wa habari na wananchi wenyewe, watangaza matukio tu na sio kuelimisha na kukemea.

Waganda wanasema:- “EKYONKOLA BANANGE, TINYAGALA BAKINKOLE”

5.0. HITIMISHO:

EARL WARREN liyeishi miaka 1891 – 1974 aliwahi kusema “it is the spirit and not the form of Law that keeps justice alive”

Hata tungelikuwa na utaratibu mzuri sana wa Kisheria tuna Jeshi zuri sana la Polisi, watu wote ni Waadilifu sana, iwapo nafsi za makundi hayo sio safi uchafu huu utaendelea na HAKI ZA BINADAMU zinazoimbwa zitaishia katika viwamba vya masikio.

Katika uchafu huu wa kuvunja Haki za Binadamu kwa kujichukulia Sheria mikononi vijana wengi ndio wakereketwa na ndio wanaotumiwa kubeba mawe, mafuta ya taa, viberiti, visu, mapanga n.k. Hata hivyo ni vijana hao hao wanaoathirika; kwa takwimu tuliyoionyesha hapo asilimia 69.96% ya waliouawa au kujeruhiwa ni vijana.

CICERO – aliyeishi 106 BC – 43BC katika katika chake “Delegibus” alisema: “The People’s good is the highest Law”

Na pia alisema:- “Salus populi suprema Est lex” i.e. The welfare of the people is the ultimate Law.

Tupigane vita hii kwanza,kwa kutoa na elimu ya haki za Binadamu tutafanikiwa kulinda na kutetea Haki za Binadamu.

KWA NINI HAKI ZA BINADAMU NI MUHIMU?

Ilivyo chakuliwa na Baraza kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) mnamo tarehe 10 Mwezi wa Desemba mwaka 1948, tamko la Ulimwengu juu ya Haki za Binadamu ( TUHABI) ni moja ya mafanikio makubwa ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Umoja wa nchi za Amerika (United States) ni Mwanachama thabiti wa Umoja wa Mataifa na mwakilishi wa Umoja huo katika Umoja wa Mataifa, Eleanor Roosevelt alikuwa mwasisi mwandaaji wa rasimu ya (TUHABI).

Mataifa andishi ya tamko, kutoka katika maeneo mbalimbali ya dunia. Waliazimia kuwa, maana uwepo wa tamko (TUHABI) ungekuwa na sifa / maana sawa kwa jamii zote.

Mataifa hayo yalikazia heshima ya kiulimwengu kwa haki zisizo pokonyeka na uhuru wa msingi kwa kila binadamu ikiwa ni pamoja na msingi imara wa uzuiaji wa maumivu mbalimbali. (Abitray detention) , haki ya, itokanayo na hatua na haki nyinginezo za kiraia na za kisiasa pia haki za kijamii, kiutamaduni na haki za kinchi ni maendeleo makubwa katika kufikiria juu ya haki za binadamu uliokuwa tayari umefanyika katika karne za 17 na 18.

Aidha tamko la America la uhuru la 1776 ilikuwa;

“Tunachukulia Ukweli huu kuwa uthibitisho wa kipekee, kwamba Binadamu wote waliumbwa sawa, kwamba binadamu hao wamejariwa na Muumba / Mwenyezi Mungu kuwa na haki zisizo pokonyeka, kwamba katika hizi ni, Maisha (kuishi), Uhuru na kuwa na Furaha”

Ijapokuwa tamko la kimataifa juu ya Haki za Binadamu (TUHABI) si walaka fungamano, TUHABI pasipo pingamizi wala mjadala ni sehemu ya, sheria za kimataifa, ikiwa na mtizamo wa kiulimwengu juu ya taswira/ wazo la haki za binadamu kwa watu wote.

v Haki hizo za msingi sharti ziwe “ni mafanikio bora ya kawaida kwa watu wote na Mataifa”.

v Utangulizi wa TUHABI. Ni haki za msingi ambazo binadamu wote lazima/ sharti wawe nazo, waziheshimu na kuzilinda.

v TUHABI, pamoja na agano la kimataifa juu ya haki za kawaida na kisiasa (AKIHAKIKI) “ICCPR” chaguo la pili na Agano la kimataifa juu ya Uchumi. Kijamii na Kiutamaduni (AKIMKC) kinachoitwa sheria za kimataifa za haki za binadamu. (International Bill of Human Rigints)

v Sheria ya kimatifa ya haki za binadamu, inaeleza bayana / ina bainisha mambo yote muhimu ambayo sharti / lazima yaheshimiwe na kila nchi au taifa. Kwa kuwa sehemu ya makubaliano ya kimataifa, mataifa yanalazimika na kuchukulia azima na shuhuda zilizo chini ya sheria ya kimataifa ya heshima, kulinda na kutimiza Haki za Binadamu.

v Azma ya kuheshimu ina maana mataifa / nchi sharti zienpuke kuingilia wala kuzuia uwepo wa heshima ya haki za binadamu.

v Azma ya kulinda inahitaji nchi/ mataifa kuwalinda mtu / binadamu mmoja mmoja pamoja na makundi kutendewa kinyume na haki za binadamu.

Azma ya kutimiza ina maana nchi sharti / lazima kufanya lolote liwezekanalo kuwepo utimilizaji wa Haki / Utimilifu wa Haki za msingi za Binadamu.

Kutokana uidhinishaji / kupitishwa makubaliano ya kimataifa juu ya haki za binadamu, serikali zote zinawajibika kuweka nafasi katika uendelezaji wa haki za binadamu katika ngazi za kijamii ambapo msingi wake wa shughuli hizo ni kutekeleza azma ya makubaliano hayo.

Haki za Binadamu za kimataifa ni kwa ajili ya watu wote bila kujali utofauti wa aina yoyote. Wote ni binadamu, tuna kila sababu ya kuwa na, kufurahia haki hizi.

“Haki za binadamu ni hitaji la Wazo / Hisia na hitaji la fikra. Haki ni sisi , na sisi ni Haki” . Haki za Binadamu ni Haki stahili ambazo kila mmoja anayo stahili kama binadamu. Sisi sote ni Binadamu; Sote tunastahili Haki. Mmoja hawezi akawa ukweli, bila ya mweingine- Kofi Anan, Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa. (UN).

Kumbuka kuwa, kama Eleanor Roosevelt alivyosema, “Heshima na Uwepo wa Haki za Binadamu upo mikononi mwa raia wetu katika jamii zetu.

TOLEO LA TAMKO LA ULIMWENGU JUU YA HAKI ZA BINADAMU KATIKA LUGHA RAHISI YA KISWAHILI.

v Muhtasari wa Utangulizi:

Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) Unatambua kwamba, heshima asili ya Utu na Usawa na haki zote za wanajamii wanaounda familia, haki hizo ambapo kamwe haziwezi kwa jinsi yoyote iliyo halali kupokonywa kutoka kwa mmoja wa wanajumuia wa familia ni msingi wa Uhuru, Haki na Amani katika dunia, haki za Binadamu sharti zilindwe na Utawala wa kisheria, Mahusiano ya kirafiki baina ya mataifa lazima yaenziwe/yaheshimiwe, Jamii za watu wote wa Umoja wa Mataifa wameimarisha imani yao katika haki za Binadamu, Utu na thamani ya Ubinadamu, Usawa katika haki kwa jinsia zote wanaume kwa wanawake na usawa huo katika haki unadhihirika kuendeleza/ kuboresha huduma za kijamii. Maisha bora na uhuru mpana ambao umezingwa/ umelenga kuendeleza Haki za Binadamu na ufahamu rahisi/ mwepesi wa kuwaida juu ya haki hizo.

Muhtasari wa Tamko la ULimwengu juu ya Haki za Binadamu.

1. Kila mmoja (binadamu) yu huru, na hali kadhalika binadamu wote sharti watendewe kiusawa.
2. Binadamu wote ni sawa richa ya tofauti katika rangi, jinsia, Dini (imani), Lugha n.k.
3. Binadamu wote (kila mmoja) wana haki ya kuishi, na kuishi katika uhuru na Usalama.
4. Hakuna yeyote mwenye haki/fursa ya kukutenda (kumtenda binadamu mwenzake) ama kukufanya kama mtumwa, wala, wewe kumteda binadamu yeyote kama mtumwa.
5. Hakuna yeyote mwenye haki ya kukuumiza au kukutesa.
6. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kutendewa katika usawa katika sheria.
7. Sheria ni sawa kwa kila binadamu, na inapaswa iwe hivyo kwa wote.
8. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kuomba msaada wa kisheria pindi kunapotokea upotoshaji au uvunjaji wa haki.
9. Hakuna yeyote mwenye haki ya kukuweka kizuizini/jera/mahabusu kama mfungwa isivyo na pasipo halari, au kukufukuza katika nchi yako.
10. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kupata hifadhi kutoka katika jamii.
11. Kila mmoja sharti achukuliwe kama binadamu asiye na kosa/hatia hadi kuthibitishwa pasipo shaka kuhusika katika kutenda kosa.
12. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kuomba msaada iwapo kuna mtu anajaribu kukuumiza/kukutenda kinyume na haki, lakini hakuna anayeweza kuingia ndani kwako, kufungua barua yako au kukupatia usumbufu wewe au familia yako bila sababu stahili.
13. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kusafiri kwenda kokote kadiri ya utashi wake binafsi (ndani na nje ya nchi).
14. Kila mmoja anayo haki kwenda katika nchi nyingine na kuomba Ulinzi/Hifandhi iwapo anapata mateso (isivyo stahili) au Yupo katika hatari ya kupata mateso / kuteswa (isivyo stahili)
15. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kuwa raia wa nchi yake na hakuna yeyote mwenye haki ya kukuzuia kuwa raia wanchi nyingine kama utahitaji.
16. Kila mmoja nayo haki ya kuoa na, au kuolewa na kuwa na familia.
17. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kuwa na kumiliki mali.
18. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kuenda katika, kufuata na kuabudu dini yoyote, na kubadili dini kadri ya utashi wake binafsi.
19. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kusema/ kuongea/ kueleza fikra zake , na kutoa na kupokea taarifa.
20. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kushiriki katika mikutano / vikao na kujiunga na vyama katika amani na hiyari pasipo shuruti.
21. kila mmoja anayo haki ya kusaidia, kuchagua viongozi na kushiriki katika serikali ya nchi yake.
22. Kila mmoja anayo Haki ya Ulinzi kijamii na katika nafasi/ fursa kwa maendeleo ya taaluma au ujuzi wowote.
23. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kufanya kazi na kupata malipo ujira mshahara sahili katika mazingira salama, na kujiunga na chama cha biashara.
24. Kila mmoja anayo haki kwa msaada mbalidala na wa afya bora kama anaugua, anapokuwa anaugua au pindi auguapo.
25. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kupumzika na kufurahia au kustarehe.
26. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kwenda shule na kusoma.
27. Kila mmoja anayo haki ya kushiriki/ kujumuika katika maisha ya kiutamaduni wa nchi yake.
28. Kila mmoja sharti aheshimu “amri jamii” inayo na ambayo ni stahili au inafaa kwa haki zote hizi kuwepo.
29. Kila mmoja (binadamu wote ) sharti aheshimu haki za wenzake, jamii na mali za Umma.
30. Hakuna yeyote ambaye ana haki ya kuondoa hata moja ya haki katika tamko hili.

SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLIRATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.

Summary of Preamble.

The General Assembly recognizes that the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, human rights should be protected by the rule of law, friendly relations between nations must be fostered, the peoples of the UN have affirmed their faith in human rights, the dignity and the worth of human person, the equal rights of men and women and are determined to promote social progress, better standards of life and larger freedom and have promised to promote human rights and a common understanding of these rights.

A Summary of the Universal declaration of Human Rights.

1. Every one is free and We should all be treated in the same way.

2. Everyone is equal despite differences in skin color, sex religion, language for example.

3. Everyone has the right to life and to live in freedom and safety.

4. No one has the right to treat you as a slave nor should you make anyone your slave.

5. No one has the right to hurt you or to torture you.

6. Everyone has the right to be treated equally by the law.

7. The law is the same for everyone, it should be applied in the same way to all.

8. Everyone has the right to ask for legal help when their rights are not respected.

9. No one has the right to imprison you unjustly or expel your from your own country.

10. Everyone has the right to a fair and public trial.

11. Everyone should be considered innocent until guilt is proved lawfully.

12. Every one has the right to ask for help if someone tries to harm you, but no one can enter your home, open your letters or bother you or your family without a good reason.

13. Everyone has the right to travel as they wish.

14. Everyone has the right to go to another country and ask for protection if they are being persecuted or are in danger of being persecuted.

15. Everyone has the right to belong to a country. No one has the right to prevent you from belonging to another country if you wish to.

16. Everyone has the right to marry and have a family .

17. Everyone has the right to own property and possessions.

18. Everyone has the right to practice and observe all aspects of their own religion and change their religion if they want to.

19. Everyone has the right to say what they think and to give and receive information.

20. Everyone has the right to take part in meetings and to join associations in a peaceful way.

21. Everyone has the right to help choose and take part in the government of their country.

22. Everyone has the right to social security and to opportunities to develop their skills.

23. Everyone has the right to work for a fair wage in a safe environment and to join a trade union.

24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure.

25. Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living and medical help if they are ill.

26. Everyone has the right to go to school.

27. Everyone has the right to share in their community’s cultural life.

28. Everyone must respect the ‘social order’ that is necessary for all these rights to be available.

29. Everyone must respect the rights of others, the community and public property.

30. No one has the right to take away any of the rights in this decleration.

WHY ARE HUMAN RIGHTS IMPORTANT; ???

Adopted by the General Assembly on December 10^th, 1948, the Universal declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is one of the first major achievements of the United Nations. The United States is a charter member of the United Nations and the U.s. Representative to the U.N., Eleanor Roosevelt, was a lead drafter of the UDHR.

The author States of Declaration, from different regions of the world, sought to ensure that the text would incorporate values common to all communities.

The States affirmed the universal respect for enalienable rights and fundamental freedoms of each and every person including the principles of the prohibition against arbitrary detention, the right to due process and other civil and political rights as well as social, cultural and economic rights.

Significant development in thinking about human rights had already taken place in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Indeed, the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 stated:

“We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

While itself a non-binding document, the UDHR arguably is part of customary international law, reflecting the almost Universal vision of nations about the universal human rights of all the people.

These fundamental human rights should be “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations” – UDHR Preamble. They are the basic rights that human beings should Enjoy, Respect and Protect.

The UDHR, together with the International covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ECCPR), its two Optional Protocols, and the Internationa Coventant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), form what is known as International Bill of Human Rights.

International human rights law lays down obligations which states are bound to respect. By becoming parties to International treaties, States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights.

The obligation to respect means that states must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the injoyment of human rights.

The obligation to protect requires states to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses.

The obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights.

Through ratification of international human rights treaties, Governmentas undertake to put into place domestic measures and legislation compatible with their treaty obligations and duties.

Universal human rights should be applied to all persons without distrinction of any kind: We are all human beings, so we are all entitled to enjoy these rights.

“Human rights are what reason requires and conscience demand. They are us and we are them. Human rights are rights that any person has as a human being. We are all human beings; we are all deserving of human rights. One cannot be true without the other.” – Kofi Annan, Secretary – General of the United Nations.

Remember that, Sir. Eleanor Roosevelt said. “The destiny of human rights is in the hands of all our citizens in all our communities.”

Prepared and Posted by, Francis Kanuma 0784 161126